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Ausbildungsplatz Mikrotechnologe

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

DETECT CO2 IN REAL TIME & IN SITU WITH UP TO PPB PRECISION

Carbon Dioxide

Major Applications

nanoplus lasers detect carbon dioxide in numerous applications, such as in quality control for natural gas, pipelines for climate , breath gas analysis ,monitoring or combustion control, steel production as well as for isotope detection on Mars with the NASA's Curiosity Rover.

Tunable diode laser spectroscopy allows measuring CO2 with up to ppb precision in real time and in situ. Providing long-term stability and requiring little maintenance, nanoplus lasers are suitable for operation in harsh environments.

Which absorption line is the perfect one for your application?

Typical Wavelengths

Select your target wavelength

nanoplus offers various wavelengths to target the vibrational-rotational bands of carbon dioxide . Select the target wavelength that fits your application best.

The literature recommends several options. They are illustrated in the graphic on the right, which shows the relative intensities of the possible absorption lines. To define the most suitable CO2  wavelength for your application, you may have a look at our literature recommendations below or refer to the HITRAN database from the Smithsonian Institute.

We present the most common Distributed Feedback lasers for CO2 detection below. Learn more about their specifications.

1581 nm

1590 nm

2004 nm

2051 nm

2682 nm

2770 nm

4225 nm

Factors which you should consider in your setup

Above wavelengths as well as further customized wavelengths for carbon dioxide detection are available from nanoplus.

When you choose your wavelength, you have to consider your product set up, environment and nature of the measurement.

These factors influence the optimum wavelength for your application. Do have a look at the Hitran Database to further evaluate your choice of wavelengths. Our application experts are equally happy to discuss with you the most suitable wavelength for your application.

Let us know the wavelength you require with an accuracy of 0.1 nm!

Read more

Further Reading

Applications & Papers

We compiled several papers on carbon dioxide detection based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. Refer to below literature list to read more or select your paper by application.

Applications
Papers & Links
Applications
CO2 & H2O
Isotope detection by NASA Mars Rover Curiosity: CO2 and H2O

NASA’s flagship Rover Curiosity detects CO2 and H2O isotopes based on their tunable laser spectrometer SAM. The analysis of soil samples is to determine whether Mars is or has been a suitable living environment. We are proud that the instrument uses a 2.78 µm nanoplus laser for this measurement.

Read more about Mars SAM: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_Analysis_at_Mars

[ 115 , 25 ]
CO2
Emission control of exhaust fumes: CO2

Remote sensing technologies identify unclean vehicles on the road. They help to control traffic-generated carbon dioxide emissions.

[ 115 ]
CO2 & NOx
Emission control of exhaust fumes: CO2 and NOx

Guided by environmental policies, the automobile industry is concerned to reduce the carbon footprint of vehicles. Automotive suppliers develop innovative combustion engines to control CO2 and NOx concentration in exhaust fumes.

[ 198 , 115 ]
CO2
Monitoring of breath gas: CO2

Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause stomach ulcer. Breath analysis diagnoses such an infection in a non-invasive way replacing disagreeable gastroscopies. It uses the CO2 concentration in exhaled breath as a biomarker.

[ 186 , 172 , 171 , 115 , 88 , 9 ]
CO2
Surveillance of volcanic activities: CO2

Early warning systems for volcanic eruptions continuously monitor CO2 by TDLS, as it is an abundant volcanic gas.

[ 115 ]
CO2
Emission control of greenhouse gases: CO2

Environmental policies have been implemented worldwide to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, human activities account for more than three quarters of CO2 emissions. They are mainly due to the combustion of fossil fuels for energy generation, transportation and industry. Remote sensing technologies have been introduced to quantify CO2 and CO emissions in atmosphere.

[ 178 , 115 , 105 , 93 ]
CO2
Quality control in natural gas pipelines: CO2

CO2 is a natural diluent in oil and gas deposits. When it reacts with H2S and H2O steel pipelines corrode. Real-time monitoring of CO2 at natural gas custody transfer points is necessary to avoid contaminated gas from flowing downstream. Immediate measures may be taken to purify the natural gas.

[ 115 ]
CO2 & CH4
Combustion control in high temperature processes: CO2 and CH4

Continuous monitoring of contents like CO2 or CH4 concentrations is essential for the efficiency of high-temperature processes in e. g. incinerators, furnaces or petrochemical refineries. Managing the CO2 content in combustion processes simultaneously reduces greenhouse gas emissions. This is also relevant for energy generating industries like coal burning power plants.

[ 154 , 124 , 121 , 115 , 112 , 111 , 96 , 94 , 62 , 45 , 40 , 35 , 12 ]
Papers & Links
# 198 All-fiber-coupled mid-infrared quartz-enhanced photoacoustic sensors
A. Zifarelli, R. De Palo, S. Venck, F. Joulain, S. Cozic, R. Weih, A. Sampaolo, P. Patimisco, V. Spagnolo, Optics & Laser Technology, 176, 2024, 110926,
# 186 Measurement of CO2 isotopologue ratios using a hollow waveguide-based mid-infrared dispersion spectrometer
H. Zhang, T. Wu, Q. Wu, W. Chen, C. Ye, M. Wang, X. He, Anal. Chem., 95 (50), 2023, 18479-18486,
# 184 Methyl methacrylate thermal decomposition: Modeling and laser spectroscopy of species time-histories behind reflected shock waves
I. C. Sanders, N. M. Kuenning, N. Q. Minesi, D. I. Pineda, R. M. Spearrin, Fuel, Vol. 335, 2023, 126846,
# 181 High-speed laser absorption measurements of carbon oxides in linear detonation channels
K. L. Fetter, B. R. Steavenson, B. M. Ng, A. Andrade, C. S. Combs, D. I. Pineda, AIAA Aviation 2023 Forum, 2023, 4384,
# 178 Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Sensors for Detection of Eight Air Pollutants
R. De Palo, A. Elefante, G. Biagi, F. Paciolla, R. Weih, V. Villada, A. Zifarelli, M. Giglio, A. Sampaolo, V. Spagnolo, P. Patimisco, Adv. Phot. Res., Vo. 4, Iss. 6, 2023,
# 172 Advanced Photonic Sensors Based on Interband Cascade Lasers for Real-Time Mouse Breath Analysis
E. Tütüncü, M. Nägele, S. Becker, M. Fischer, J. Koeth, C. Wolf, S. Köstler, V. Ribitsch, A. Teuber, M. Gröger, S. Kress, M. Wepler, U. Wachter, J. Vogt, P. Radermacher, B. Mizaikoff, ACS Sens., 3, 2018, 1743−1749,
# 171 Orion LAMS Laser Absorption Spectrometer for Human Spaceflight - Flight Unit Build and Test Results
J. Pohly, L. Christensen, M. Skow, K. Mansour, International Conference on Environmental Systems, July, 31st, 2020,
# 169 Carbon dioxide mid-infrared laser spectroscopy with a circular multireflection (CMR) cell
T. Phan, D. Tran, J. Esper, C. Nixon, G. Nehmetallah, SPIE Proc., 12116, Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives (CBRNE) Sensing XXIII, 2022,
# 168 High resolution gas mid-infrared spectroscopy using circular multireflection (CMR) cell
T. Phan, D. Tran, J. Esper, C. Nixon, and G. Nehmetallah, Proc. SPIE, 11741, Infrared Technology and Applications XLVII, 2021,
# 165 Near-Surface Carbon-Dioxide Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy Concentration Measurements in Hypervelocity Flow
J. M. Weisberger, P. E. DesJardin, M. MacLean, R. Parker, Z. Carr, J. of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 52, No. 6, 2015, 1551 - 1562,
# 159 Direct absorption spectroscopy baseline fitting for blended absorption features
J. M. Weisberger, J. P. Richter, R. A. Parker, P. E. DesJardin, Appl. Optics, 2018,
# 157 MHz laser absorption spectroscopy via diplexed RF modulation for pressure, temperature, and species in rotating detonation rocket flows
A. Nair, D. Lee, D. I. Pineda, J. Kriesel, W. A. Hargus Jr., J. W. Bennewitz, S. A. Danczyk, R. M. Spearrin, Appl. Phys. B, Lasers and Optics, 126, 2020,
# 156 Ignition-delay-time/time-resolved CO2-concentration measurements during the combustion of iC4H10/H2 mixtures
D. He, Z. Peng, Y. Ding, Fuel, Vol. 284, 2021,
# 155 Time-resolved CO2 concentration and ignition delay time measurements in the combustion processes of n-butane/hydrogen mixtures
H. Dong, P. Zhimin, D. Yanjun, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 207, 2019, 222 - 231,
# 154 Measurements of H2O, CO2, CO and Static Temperature inside Rotating Detonation Engines
K. Thurmond, K. A. Ahmed, S. Vasu, AIAA, SciTech Forum, Session: Detonative Pressure Gain Combustion I, 2019,
# 151 The interband cascade laser
J. R. Meyer, W. Bewley, C. L. Canedy, C. S. Kim, M. Kim, C. D. Merritt, I. Vurgaftman, Photonics, Vol. 7, No. 3 (75), 2020,
# 150 In‑situ thermochemical analysis of hybrid rocket fuel oxidation via laser absorption tomography of CO, CO2, and H2O
F. A. Bendana, I. C. Sanders, J. J. Castillo, C. G. Hagström, D. I. Pineda, R. M. Spearrin, Experiments in Fluids, Iss. 9, Art. 190, 2020,
# 139 Development of a Method for Non‐Invasive Measurement of Absolute Pressure in Partially Transparent Containers with Carbonated Beverages
M. Grafen, M. Falkenstein, A. Ostendorf, C. Esen, Chemie, Ingenieur, Technik, Vol. 92, Iss. 11, Spec. Iss.: Bioraffinerien, 2020, pp 1830 - 1839.,
# 137 Line mixing and broadening of carbon dioxide by argon in the v3 bandhead near 4.2 μm at high temperatures and high pressures
D. D. Lee, F. A. Bendana, A. P. Nair, D. I. Pineda , R. M. Spearrin, , Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, No. 253, 2020, 107135,
# 133 Midinfrared sensor system based on tunable laser absorption spectroscopy for dissolved carbon dioxide analysis in the south china sea: system-level integration and deployment
Z. Liu, C. Zheng, T. Zhang, Y. Li, Q. Ren, C. Chen, W. Ye, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, F. K. Tittel, Anal. Chem., Vol. 92, Iss. 12, 2020, pp. 8178 − 8185.,
# 124 Tomographic laser absorption imaging ofcombustion species and temperature in the mid-wave infrared
C. Wei, D. I. Pineda, C. S. Goldenstein, R. M. Spearrin, Opt. Exp., Vol. 26, Iss. 16, 2018, pp. 20944 - 20951.,
# 121 A comparative laser absorption and gas chromatography study of low-temperature n-heptane oxidation intermediates
A. M. Ferris, J. W. Streicher, A. J. Susa, D. F. Davidson, R. K. Hanson , Proc. of the Comb. Inst., Vol.37, Iss.1, 2019, pp. 249-257.,
# 115 A portable low-power QEPAS-based CO2 isotope sensor using a fiber-coupled interband cascade laser
Z. Wanga, Q. Wanga, J. Y.-L. Chingb, J. C.-Y. Wub, G. Zhangc, W. Rena , Sensors and Actuators, B 246, 2017, pp. 710–715.,
# 112 Non-uniform temperature and species concentration measurements in a laminar flame using multi-band infrared absorption spectroscopy
L. Ma, L. Y. Lau, W. Ren, Appl. Phys. B, 2017, 123: 83.,
# 111 Mid-infrared heterodyne phase-sensitive dispersion spectroscopy in flame measurements
L. Ma, Z. Wang, K.-P. Cheong, H. Ning, W. Ren, Pro. of the Comb. Inst., Vol.37, Issue 2, 2019, pp. 1329 - 1336.,
# 106 Recent progress in laser‑based trace gas instruments: performance and noise analysis
J. B. McManus, M. S. Zahniser, D. D. Nelson et. al., Appl. Phys. B, 2015, 119: 203.,
# 105 Design and performance of a dual-laser instrument for multiple isotopologues of carbon dioxide and water
J. B. McManus, D. D. Nelson and M. S. Zahniser , Optics Express, Vol.23, Issue 5, 2015, pp. 6569-6586.,
# 104 Mid-infrared heterodyne phase-sensitive dispersion spectroscopy in flame measurements
L. Ma, Z. Wang, K.-P. Cheong, H. Ning, W. Ren , Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2018, pp. 1 - 8.,
# 96 Fiber-coupled 2.7 μm laser absorption sensor for CO2 in harsh combustion environments
R. M. Spearrin, C. S. Goldenstein, J. B. Jeffries and R. K. Hanson, Meas. , Sci. Technol., 24.April.2013, 055107.,
# 94 Compact optical probe for flame temperature and carbon dioxide using interband cascade laser absorption near 4.2 μm
J. J. Girard, R. M. Spearrin, C. S. Goldenstein, R. K. Hanson, Elsevier , Combustion and Flame, Vol.178, April 2017, pp. 158 – 167.,
# 88 Oxygen-18 isotope of breath CO2 linking to erythrocytes carbonic anhydrase activity: a biomarker for pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes
C. Ghosh, G. D. Banik, A. Maity, S. Som, A. Chakraborty, C. Selvan, S. Ghosh, S. Chowdhury, M. Pradhan , Scientific Reports, 2015, 5 : 8137.,
# 71 Novel utilisation of a circular multi-reflection cell applied to materials ageing experiments
D.A. Knox, A.K. King, E.D. McNaghten, S.J. Brooks, P.A. Martin, S.M. Pimblott , App. Phys. B, 119, 2015, pp. 55-64.,
# 63 Breath Analysis Using Laser Spectroscopic Techniques: Breath Biomarkers, Spectral Fingerprints, and Detection Limits
C. Wang and P. Sahay, Sensors, 9, 2009, 8230 - 8262,
# 50 Mid-IR difference frequency laser-based sensors for ambient CH4, CO, and N2O monitoring;
J. J. Scherer, J. B. Paul, H. J. Jost, Marc L. Fischer, Appl. Phys. B, 109, 3, November 2017, pp. 271-277.,
# 45 Measurements of CO2 in a multipass cell and in a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber at 2 µm
J. A. Nwaboh, J. Hald, J. K. Lyngsø, J. C. Petersen, O. Werhahn , Appl. Phys. B, 109, 3, November 2012, pp. 187 - 194,
# 40 Comb-assisted spectroscopy of CO2 absorption profiles in the near- and mid-infrared regions
A. Gambetta, D. Gatti, A. Castrillo, N. Coluccelli, G. Galzerano, P. Laporta, L. Gianfrani, M. Marangoni, Appl. Phys. B, 109, 3, November 2012, pp. 385-390,
# 38 Monolithic widely tunable laser diodes for gas sensing at 2100 nm
N. Koslowski, A. Heger, K. Roesner, M. Legge, L. Hildebrandt, J. Koeth, Novel In-Plane Semiconductor Lasers, XII, 2013, 864008,
# 35 TDLAS-based sensors for in situ measurement of syngas composition in a pressurized, oxygen-blown, entrained flow coal gasifier
R. Sur, K. Sun, J.B. Jeffries, R.K. Hanson, R.J. Pummill, T. Waind, D.R. Wagner, K.J. Whitty, 2014, Appl. Phys. B, 116, 1, 2014, pp. 33-42,
# 25 Isotope Ratios of H, C, and O in CO2 and H2O of the Martian Atmosphere
C.R. Webster, P.R. Mahaffy, G.J. Flesch, P.B. Niles, J. Jones, L.A. Leshin, S.K. Atreya, J.C. Stern, L.E. Christensen, T. Owen, H. Franz, R.O. Pepin, A. Steele, Science, 341, 6143, 2013, pp. 260-263.,
# 19 Measurements of Mars Methane at Gale Crater by the SAM Tunable Laser Spectrometer on the Curiosity Rover
C.R. Webster, P.R. Mahaffy, S.K. Atreya, G.J. Flesch, K.A. Farley, 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,, LPI Contribution No. 1719, March 18-22 2013, p. 1366.,
# 16 Diode laser measurements of linestrength and temperature-dependent lineshape parameters of H2O-, CO2-, and N2-perturbed H2O transitions near 2474 and 2482 nm
C.S. Goldenstein, J.B. Jeffries, R.K. Hanson, Journal of Quantitative Spectr. & Radiative Transfer, 130, 2013, pp. 100–111.,
# 12 CO2 concentration and temperature sensor for combustion gases using diode-laser absorption near 2.7 µm
A. Farooq, J.B. Jeffries, R.K. Hanson, Appl. Phys. B, 90, 2008, pp. 619-628.,
# 9 DFB Lasers Between 760 nm and 16 µm for Sensing Applications
W. Zeller, L. Naehle, P. Fuchs, F. Gerschuetz, L. Hildebrandt, J. Koeth , Sensors, 10, 2010, pp. 2492-2510,
# 4 Laser-Based Analyzers – Shining New Stars
P. Nesdore, Gases & Instrumentation, March/April 2011, pp. 30-33,
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